Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input:
Premise: Lyme Disease is caused by a bacterium that's transmitted by tick bite, but many infected people don't remember a bite.
 Hypothesis: Lyme disease is caused by bacteria.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: Corolla Collective term for all the petals of a flower, these petals may be separate or fused together.
 Hypothesis: All of the petals together are called a corolla.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: This can be dangerous to both plants and animals.
 Hypothesis: Nematodes can be a parasite of both.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: The liver is divided into the right lobe and left lobes.
 Hypothesis: The gallbladder is near the right lobe of the liver.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: A polyploid is simply an organism that contains more than the usual two sets of chromosomes.
 Hypothesis: A(n) polyploid is an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: Based on the list provided of the uses of substances 1-7, estimate the pH of each unknown and record the number in the data table in the estimated pH column.
 Hypothesis: If a substance has a ph value greater than 7, that indicates that it is based.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: The phylum for common marigolds is angiosperms.
 Hypothesis: Angiosperms are the most successful phylum of plants.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: Vertebrates are named for vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column or backbone.
 Hypothesis: Backbone is another name for the vertebral column.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: Competition is growing --
 Hypothesis: As the population grows, competition for food grows.

Output: neutral


Explanation: Textual Entailment

You are given two sentences. You have to find if there is entailment or agreement of the Hypothesis by the Premise. From the given pair of sentences, you should identify if there is enough information in the Premise to support the claim made in the Hypothesis. The Premise may not exactly be the same as Hypothesis. Your task is to return 'entails' if the premise supports hypothesis else return 'neutral'.

Input:
Premise: Lyme Disease is caused by a bacterium that's transmitted by tick bite, but many infected people don't remember a bite.
 Hypothesis: Lyme disease is caused by bacteria.

Output: entails

Explanation: The premise sentence agrees with the hypothesis that Lyme Disease is a bacterium. The premise also gives additional information about Lyme disease. Therefore Premise entails Hypothesis.

Input:
Premise: Corolla Collective term for all the petals of a flower, these petals may be separate or fused together.
 Hypothesis: All of the petals together are called a corolla.

Output: entails

Explanation: The premise sentence explains the meaning of Corolla. The hypothesis sentence is explained by the Premise. Since the premise supports/entails the Hypothesis, this is classified as entails.

Input:
Premise: This can be dangerous to both plants and animals.
 Hypothesis: Nematodes can be a parasite of both.

Output: neutral

Explanation: The premise misses the context to the word 'this'. Therefore it is incomplete. The hypothesis is not supporting the premise. Therefore it is classified as neutral.

Input:
Premise: The liver is divided into the right lobe and left lobes.
 Hypothesis: The gallbladder is near the right lobe of the liver.

Output: neutral

Explanation: The premise states about the general structure of the liver while the hypothesis is explaining about a specific part of the liver. Therefore this premise does not support the hypothesis and hence classified as neutral.

Input:
Premise: A polyploid is simply an organism that contains more than the usual two sets of chromosomes.
 Hypothesis: A(n) polyploid is an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets.

Output: neutral

Explanation: The premise explains the meaning of the term and the hypothesis sentence also specifies it correctly. Because the Premise supports the Hypothesis, this is classifies should be classified as entails not as neutral.

Input:
Premise: Based on the list provided of the uses of substances 1-7, estimate the pH of each unknown and record the number in the data table in the estimated pH column.
 Hypothesis: If a substance has a ph value greater than 7, that indicates that it is based.

Output: entails

Explanation: The premise does not have a fact that can be supported. It is a task that should be carried out to find the pH of the substances. The hypothesis is therefore not supported by the premise. It should be classified as neutral not as entails.

Input:
Premise: The phylum for common marigolds is angiosperms.
 Hypothesis: Angiosperms are the most successful phylum of plants.

Output: entails

Explanation: The premise states the name for Marigold specifically. Since the hypothesis mentions this as successful phylum and gives no information about marigold being successful or not, this should be classified as neutral.

Input:
Premise: Vertebrates are named for vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column or backbone.
 Hypothesis: Backbone is another name for the vertebral column.

Output: neutral

Explanation: The usage of the word 'or' between the words vertebral column and backbone implies that both the names are the same. The same meaning is conveyed in the Hypothesis too. Therefore this should be classified as entails and not as neutral.

Input:
Premise: Thus a stable element such as Carbon has a nucleus with six protons and six neutrons which may be written as 12 6 C or simply 12 C.
 Hypothesis: Carbon atoms have six neutrons as well as six protons.

Output: entails


Explanation: Textual Entailment

Input:
Premise: Lyme Disease is caused by a bacterium that's transmitted by tick bite, but many infected people don't remember a bite.
 Hypothesis: Lyme disease is caused by bacteria.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: Corolla Collective term for all the petals of a flower, these petals may be separate or fused together.
 Hypothesis: All of the petals together are called a corolla.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: This can be dangerous to both plants and animals.
 Hypothesis: Nematodes can be a parasite of both.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: The liver is divided into the right lobe and left lobes.
 Hypothesis: The gallbladder is near the right lobe of the liver.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: A polyploid is simply an organism that contains more than the usual two sets of chromosomes.
 Hypothesis: A(n) polyploid is an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: Based on the list provided of the uses of substances 1-7, estimate the pH of each unknown and record the number in the data table in the estimated pH column.
 Hypothesis: If a substance has a ph value greater than 7, that indicates that it is based.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: The phylum for common marigolds is angiosperms.
 Hypothesis: Angiosperms are the most successful phylum of plants.

Output: entails

Input:
Premise: Vertebrates are named for vertebrae, the series of bones that make up the vertebral column or backbone.
 Hypothesis: Backbone is another name for the vertebral column.

Output: neutral

Input:
Premise: There are some reptiles, such as the boa constrictor and komodo dragon that can reproduce both sexually and asexually, depending on whether a mate is available.
 Hypothesis: Reptiles typically reproduce sexually.

Output: neutral


Explanation: Textual Entailment -> Deductive Reasoning

Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

In this task, you're given a statement, and three sentences as choices. Your job is to determine which sentence clearly disagrees with the statement. Indicate your answer as '1', '2', or '3' corresponding to the choice number of the selected sentence.

Input: Statement: Next to the MGM Grand you will find M and M World, four stories of merchandise and memorabilia dedicated to the candy that doesn't melt in your hand. Choices: 1. The candy has many fans who love its attractions. 2. There's four stories of memorabilia dedicated to a candy. 3. That particular candy melts and becomes difficult to eat.

Output: 3

Explanation: It is said in the statement that the candy doesn't melt in your hand, but the sentence in choice 3 disagrees with it.

Input: Statment: I've forgotten his name now, confessed Tuppence. Choices: 1. Tuppence forgot his name. 2.Tuppence remembered his name later. 3. Tuppence never could forget his name.

Output: 3

Explanation: Tuppence had forgotten the name, so choice 3 disagrees with the statement.

Input: Statement: One of the first organizational realignments taking place is in the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Choices: 1. The office of the taxpayer advocate is the last to be realigned. 2. The realignment is taking place over a few weeks. 3. The office of the taxpayer advocate is having an organizational realignment.

Output: 1

Explanation: The office realignment is one of the first taking place. The sentence 1 disagrees with the statement.

Input: Statement: yeah i tell you what though if you go price some of those tennis shoes i can see why now you know they're getting up in the hundred dollar range. Choices: 1. The tennis shoes have a range of prices. 2. The tennis shoes can be in the hundred dollar range. 3. The tennis shoes are not over hundred dollars.

Output: 3

Explanation: The shoes' price is defnitely over a hundred dollars.

Input: Statement: In 1994, fraction of households owning a personal computer is 0.25. Choices: 1. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC, which was a high sum at the time. 2. In 1984, 0.8 of households owned a PC. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC.

Output: 3

Explanation: The choice and statement both clearly fully agree that 0.25 of all households had PCs in 1994, hence choice 3 is incorrect.

Input: Statement: You could say you were in an auto accident, and the ambulance driver took you straight to Dr. Famous' office. Choices: 1. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous was great for treating famous people. 2. Ambulance drivers just took you to the hospital. 3. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous.

Output: 1

Explanation: It is not clear that Dr. Famous treats famous people though he is known by the ambulance drivers, so the choice neither agrees nor disagrees with the statement and is hence incorrect.

History
Fiction
Dialogue
Law
Government and Politics

Input: Statement: Our goal is to better serve our client by making GAO more responsive, more flexible - and more focused on our client. Choices:  1. We want to make GAO more focused on its clients. 2. Until now, GAO has completely ignored its clients. 3. We are trying to make GAO less flexible.

Output: 3


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input: Statement: Next to the MGM Grand you will find M and M World, four stories of merchandise and memorabilia dedicated to the candy that doesn't melt in your hand. Choices: 1. The candy has many fans who love its attractions. 2. There's four stories of memorabilia dedicated to a candy. 3. That particular candy melts and becomes difficult to eat.

Output: 3

Input: Statment: I've forgotten his name now, confessed Tuppence. Choices: 1. Tuppence forgot his name. 2.Tuppence remembered his name later. 3. Tuppence never could forget his name.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: One of the first organizational realignments taking place is in the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Choices: 1. The office of the taxpayer advocate is the last to be realigned. 2. The realignment is taking place over a few weeks. 3. The office of the taxpayer advocate is having an organizational realignment.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: yeah i tell you what though if you go price some of those tennis shoes i can see why now you know they're getting up in the hundred dollar range. Choices: 1. The tennis shoes have a range of prices. 2. The tennis shoes can be in the hundred dollar range. 3. The tennis shoes are not over hundred dollars.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: In 1994, fraction of households owning a personal computer is 0.25. Choices: 1. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC, which was a high sum at the time. 2. In 1984, 0.8 of households owned a PC. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: You could say you were in an auto accident, and the ambulance driver took you straight to Dr. Famous' office. Choices: 1. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous was great for treating famous people. 2. Ambulance drivers just took you to the hospital. 3. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: (Bennett himself appears to share this view, terming gays, as a group, wealthy and well educated. Choices:  1. In general, Bennet classifies gays as tending to be poor and uneducated. 2. Bennett believes that only gay people are well educated. 3. One person thinks that gay people have lots of money.

Output: 1


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input: Statement: Next to the MGM Grand you will find M and M World, four stories of merchandise and memorabilia dedicated to the candy that doesn't melt in your hand. Choices: 1. The candy has many fans who love its attractions. 2. There's four stories of memorabilia dedicated to a candy. 3. That particular candy melts and becomes difficult to eat.

Output: 3

Input: Statment: I've forgotten his name now, confessed Tuppence. Choices: 1. Tuppence forgot his name. 2.Tuppence remembered his name later. 3. Tuppence never could forget his name.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: One of the first organizational realignments taking place is in the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Choices: 1. The office of the taxpayer advocate is the last to be realigned. 2. The realignment is taking place over a few weeks. 3. The office of the taxpayer advocate is having an organizational realignment.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: yeah i tell you what though if you go price some of those tennis shoes i can see why now you know they're getting up in the hundred dollar range. Choices: 1. The tennis shoes have a range of prices. 2. The tennis shoes can be in the hundred dollar range. 3. The tennis shoes are not over hundred dollars.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: In 1994, fraction of households owning a personal computer is 0.25. Choices: 1. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC, which was a high sum at the time. 2. In 1984, 0.8 of households owned a PC. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: You could say you were in an auto accident, and the ambulance driver took you straight to Dr. Famous' office. Choices: 1. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous was great for treating famous people. 2. Ambulance drivers just took you to the hospital. 3. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: The valuation of Work Loss Days presented in our national benefits summaries, however, incorporates county-specific adjustment factors to account for variations in regional income. Choices:  1. The valuation of Work Loss Days incorporates adjustment factors. 2. The Work Loss Days will appear to be inflated at first glance. 3. The valuation of Work Loss days is consistent across counties.

Output: 3


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input: Statement: Next to the MGM Grand you will find M and M World, four stories of merchandise and memorabilia dedicated to the candy that doesn't melt in your hand. Choices: 1. The candy has many fans who love its attractions. 2. There's four stories of memorabilia dedicated to a candy. 3. That particular candy melts and becomes difficult to eat.

Output: 3

Input: Statment: I've forgotten his name now, confessed Tuppence. Choices: 1. Tuppence forgot his name. 2.Tuppence remembered his name later. 3. Tuppence never could forget his name.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: One of the first organizational realignments taking place is in the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Choices: 1. The office of the taxpayer advocate is the last to be realigned. 2. The realignment is taking place over a few weeks. 3. The office of the taxpayer advocate is having an organizational realignment.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: yeah i tell you what though if you go price some of those tennis shoes i can see why now you know they're getting up in the hundred dollar range. Choices: 1. The tennis shoes have a range of prices. 2. The tennis shoes can be in the hundred dollar range. 3. The tennis shoes are not over hundred dollars.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: In 1994, fraction of households owning a personal computer is 0.25. Choices: 1. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC, which was a high sum at the time. 2. In 1984, 0.8 of households owned a PC. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: You could say you were in an auto accident, and the ambulance driver took you straight to Dr. Famous' office. Choices: 1. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous was great for treating famous people. 2. Ambulance drivers just took you to the hospital. 3. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: Chronic Illness Choices:  1. The illness was chronic. 2. It is not possible for ilnesses to be chronic. 3. There are a lot of chronic illnesses.

Output: 2


Explanation: Commonsense Reasoning

Input: Statement: Next to the MGM Grand you will find M and M World, four stories of merchandise and memorabilia dedicated to the candy that doesn't melt in your hand. Choices: 1. The candy has many fans who love its attractions. 2. There's four stories of memorabilia dedicated to a candy. 3. That particular candy melts and becomes difficult to eat.

Output: 3

Input: Statment: I've forgotten his name now, confessed Tuppence. Choices: 1. Tuppence forgot his name. 2.Tuppence remembered his name later. 3. Tuppence never could forget his name.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: One of the first organizational realignments taking place is in the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. Choices: 1. The office of the taxpayer advocate is the last to be realigned. 2. The realignment is taking place over a few weeks. 3. The office of the taxpayer advocate is having an organizational realignment.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: yeah i tell you what though if you go price some of those tennis shoes i can see why now you know they're getting up in the hundred dollar range. Choices: 1. The tennis shoes have a range of prices. 2. The tennis shoes can be in the hundred dollar range. 3. The tennis shoes are not over hundred dollars.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: In 1994, fraction of households owning a personal computer is 0.25. Choices: 1. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC, which was a high sum at the time. 2. In 1984, 0.8 of households owned a PC. In 1994, 0.25 of households owned a PC.

Output: 3

Input: Statement: You could say you were in an auto accident, and the ambulance driver took you straight to Dr. Famous' office. Choices: 1. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous was great for treating famous people. 2. Ambulance drivers just took you to the hospital. 3. Ambulance drivers knew Dr Famous.

Output: 1

Input: Statement: First, the CEF analysis was benchmarked to a 1999 reference case. Choices:  1. The CEF analysis was benchmarked to a 1999 reference case. 2. The CEF analysis was not compared to any other case. 3. The 1999 case showed better performance in comparison.

Output: 2


Explanation: Abductive Reasoning

In this task, you're given an ambiguous question (which can be answered in more than one way). Your task is to write a question that clarifies the given question in such a way that the generated question has one unique answer.

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 3 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Explanation: The generated question clarifies the input question by asking about bonus episodes because if the question is about regular episodes only then the answer will be different than including the bonus episodes.

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over Texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Texas 2001?

Explanation: The generated output elaborates the input question by mentioning the year in question because there is a different answer for this question for the year 1990, 2001 and 2011.

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who won the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Explanation: The generated output elaborates the input question by restricting the reality show. There are  two 'Big brother 20' shows, American and British.

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 4 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Explanation: The generated output is incorrect because it changed the season number from 3 to 4. The output should elaborate on the input question and should not change any entity from the input.

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Tempe 2001?

Explanation: The generated output is incorrect because it changed the city from Texas to Tempe. The output should elaborate on the input question and should not change any entity from the input.

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who lose the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Explanation: The generated output asks about who loses the final Hoh instead of asking win. The output should elaborate on the input question and should not change any entity from the input.

Input: Who invented the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?

Output: What Englishman invented the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?

Output: What American independently discovered  the process to remove impurities by blasts of cold air blown through heated iron?


Explanation: Abductive Reasoning

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 3 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over Texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Texas 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who won the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 4 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Tempe 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who lose the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: How old do you have to be to get a tattoo in indiana?

Output: How old do you have to be to get a tattoo in Indiana without parental consent?

Output: How old can you be to get a tattoo in Indiana with parental consent?

What age does you have to be to get a tattoo in indiana?


Explanation: Abductive Reasoning

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 3 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over Texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Texas 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who won the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 4 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Tempe 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who lose the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: When did the old age pension start in australia?

Output: When did an old age pension start in parts of australia?

Output: When did the nationwide old age pension take effect in australia?

What year did the old age pension start in australia?


Explanation: Abductive Reasoning

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 3 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over Texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Texas 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who won the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 4 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Tempe 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who lose the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: Who wrote the music for shrek the musical?

Output: Who wrote the music scores for shrek the musical?

Output: Who wrote the music lyrics for shrek the musical?


Explanation: Abductive Reasoning

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 3 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over Texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Texas 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who won the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: Lucifer how many episodes are in season 3?

Output: How many episodes of season 4 of Lucifer were there, including bonus episodes?

Input: What is the tallest ride at six flags over texas?

Output: What is the tallest roller coaster at six flags over Tempe 2001?

Input: Who won the final hoh big brother 20?

Output: Who lose the Final HoH in the American reality show Big Brother 20?

Input: What is the scientific name for a red fox?

Output: What is the scientific name for all red foxes?

Output: What is the scientific name for a european red fox?

Output: What is the scientific name for the red foxes in Alaska and western Canada?

Output: What is the scientific name for the red foxes in the rocky mountains, the cascade range, and sierra nevada?

Output: What is the scientific name for the red foxes in Sacramento Valley?


Explanation: Causal Reasoning

In this task, you are given a premise sentence, two possible options and a question word. If the question was cause you should select the option that is a possible cause of the premise sentence, and if the question word was effect you should find the option which is a possible effect of the premise sentence. Answer with "A" or "B".

Input: The animal species became endangered. (A) Their habitat was destroyed. (B) Their predators went extinct., Question: cause

Output: A

Explanation: The question word is cause, so we should find the possible cause of the premise. Option A can be the cause of the premise, and the output should be "A".

Input: The bar closed. (A) It was crowded. (B) It was 3 AM., Question: cause

Output: B

Explanation: The bar was closed bacause it was 3 AM. So the output should be "B".

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: A

Explanation: We are looking for the effect of the premise. The plausible effect of the man being lost can be asking for directions. So, the output should be "A".

Input: The woman was arrested. (A) She checked into rehab. (B) She committed assault., Question: cause

Output: A

Explanation: We are looking for the cause of the premise. The plausible cause of the woman being arrested can be committing assault, and checking into rehab can't be the cause of premise. So, the given output is incorrect.

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: He asked for directions.

Explanation: The output should be "A" or "B" and other answers are not acceptable.

Input: The woman banished the children from her property. (A) The children hit a ball into her yard. (B) The children trampled through her garden., Question: cause

Output: B


Explanation: Causal Reasoning

Input: The animal species became endangered. (A) Their habitat was destroyed. (B) Their predators went extinct., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The bar closed. (A) It was crowded. (B) It was 3 AM., Question: cause

Output: B

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: A

Input: The woman was arrested. (A) She checked into rehab. (B) She committed assault., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: He asked for directions.

Input: I decided to stay home for the night. (A) The forecast called for storms. (B) My friends urged me to go out., Question: cause

Output: A


Explanation: Causal Reasoning

Input: The animal species became endangered. (A) Their habitat was destroyed. (B) Their predators went extinct., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The bar closed. (A) It was crowded. (B) It was 3 AM., Question: cause

Output: B

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: A

Input: The woman was arrested. (A) She checked into rehab. (B) She committed assault., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: He asked for directions.

Input: The doctor x-rayed the patient's arm. (A) He discovered that the patient's arm was broken. (B) He put the patient's arm in a cast., Question: effect

Output: A


Explanation: Causal Reasoning

Input: The animal species became endangered. (A) Their habitat was destroyed. (B) Their predators went extinct., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The bar closed. (A) It was crowded. (B) It was 3 AM., Question: cause

Output: B

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: A

Input: The woman was arrested. (A) She checked into rehab. (B) She committed assault., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: He asked for directions.

Input: The woman hummed to herself. (A) She was nervous. (B) She was in a good mood., Question: cause

Output: B


Explanation: Causal Reasoning

Input: The animal species became endangered. (A) Their habitat was destroyed. (B) Their predators went extinct., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The bar closed. (A) It was crowded. (B) It was 3 AM., Question: cause

Output: B

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: A

Input: The woman was arrested. (A) She checked into rehab. (B) She committed assault., Question: cause

Output: A

Input: The man was lost. (A) He asked for directions. (B) He drew a map., Question: effect

Output: He asked for directions.

Input: The tenant misplaced his keys to his apartment. (A) His landlord unlocked the door. (B) His landlord repaired the door., Question: effect

Output: A


In this task, you're given two sentences. Indicate if the first sentence clearly entails the second sentence (i.e., one can conclude the 2nd sentence by reading the 1st one). Indicate your answer with '1' if the first sentence entails the second sentence, otherwise answer with '0'.

Input: Sentence 1: No Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq Yet. Sentence 2:Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq.

Output: 0

Explanation: In our first statement we clearly say that Iraq does not have any weapon of mass destruction but the second sentence says that weapon of mass destruction is found in Iraq which is contradiction. Hence output will be 0 for non entailment.

Input: Sentence 1: A place of sorrow, after Pope John Paul II died, became a place of celebration, as Roman Catholic faithful gathered in downtown Chicago to mark the installation of new Pope Benedict XVI. Sentence 2: Pope Benedict XVI is the new leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

Output: 1

Explanation: In the given first sentence we can clearly understand that Pope John Paul II has died and Pope Benedict XVI was elected as the next Pope which is what the second statement also says. Hence, our output will be 1 for entailment

Input: Sentence 1: Herceptin was already approved to treat the sickest breast cancer patients, and the company said, Monday, it will discuss with federal regulators the possibility of prescribing the drug for more breast cancer patients. Sentence 2: Herceptin can be used to treat breast cancer.

Output: 1

Explanation: In this example, our first sentence says that the Herceptin was already an approved drug for treating breast cancer patients and the same is said by Sentence 2 as well. So our output will be 1 for entailment.

Input: Sentence 1: Nearly 4 million children who have at least one parent who entered the U.S. illegally were born in the United States and are U.S. citizens as a result, according to the study conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center. That's about three quarters of the estimated 5.5 million children of illegal immigrants inside the United States, according to the study. About 1.8 million children of undocumented immigrants live in poverty, the study found. Sentence 2: Three quarters of U.S. illegal immigrants have children.

Output: 0

Explanation: In the first sentence it is written that from the total of 5.5 million children of illegal immigrants nearly three quaters were born here in U.S. There is no mention of the count of how many illegal immigrants have children in the first statement. Hence, the output will be 0 for non entailment

Input: Sentence 1: Valero Energy Corp., on Monday, said it found "extensive" additional damage at its 250,000-barrel-per-day Port Arthur refinery. Sentence 2: Valero Energy Corp. produces 250,000 barrels per day.

Output: 0

Explanation: The first statement mentions that there was damage found in the 250,000 barrel-per-day Port Aurthur refinery. Which means that they produce 250,000 barrels a day. Hence the output should have been 1 for entailment

Input: Sentence 1: A man is due in court later charged with the murder 26 years ago of a teenager whose case was the first to be featured on BBC One's Crimewatch. Colette Aram, 16, was walking to her boyfriend's house in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, on 30 October 1983 when she disappeared. Her body was later found in a field close to her home. Paul Stewart Hutchinson, 50, has been charged with murder and is due before Nottingham magistrates later. Sentence 2: Paul Stewart Hutchinson is accused of having stabbed a girl.

Output: 1

Explanation: In this example our first sentence only mentions that Paul Stewart Hutchinson has murdered the girl. There is no information in the statement about the how she was killed and so since the second statement mentions she was stabbed our statement does not entail. So output should have been 0.

Input: Sentence 1: The disputed waters lie close to the Sipadan and Ligitan islands, which Indonesia lost to Malaysia in a legal battle in the International Court of Justice in December 2002. Sentence 2: There is a territorial waters dispute.

Output: 1


Input: Sentence 1: No Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq Yet. Sentence 2:Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A place of sorrow, after Pope John Paul II died, became a place of celebration, as Roman Catholic faithful gathered in downtown Chicago to mark the installation of new Pope Benedict XVI. Sentence 2: Pope Benedict XVI is the new leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Herceptin was already approved to treat the sickest breast cancer patients, and the company said, Monday, it will discuss with federal regulators the possibility of prescribing the drug for more breast cancer patients. Sentence 2: Herceptin can be used to treat breast cancer.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Nearly 4 million children who have at least one parent who entered the U.S. illegally were born in the United States and are U.S. citizens as a result, according to the study conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center. That's about three quarters of the estimated 5.5 million children of illegal immigrants inside the United States, according to the study. About 1.8 million children of undocumented immigrants live in poverty, the study found. Sentence 2: Three quarters of U.S. illegal immigrants have children.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: Valero Energy Corp., on Monday, said it found "extensive" additional damage at its 250,000-barrel-per-day Port Arthur refinery. Sentence 2: Valero Energy Corp. produces 250,000 barrels per day.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A man is due in court later charged with the murder 26 years ago of a teenager whose case was the first to be featured on BBC One's Crimewatch. Colette Aram, 16, was walking to her boyfriend's house in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, on 30 October 1983 when she disappeared. Her body was later found in a field close to her home. Paul Stewart Hutchinson, 50, has been charged with murder and is due before Nottingham magistrates later. Sentence 2: Paul Stewart Hutchinson is accused of having stabbed a girl.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Anna Nobili is no ordinary nun. The 38-year-old used to be a lap-dancer, and spent many years working in Italian nightclubs. She is now using her talents in a rather different way - for what she calls "The Holy Dance" in a performance on Tuesday evening at the Holy Cross in Jerusalem Basilica in Rome, in front of senior Catholic clerics including Archbishop Gianfranco Ravasi, head of the Vatican's Cultural Department. Miss Nobili told the BBC World Service that the transformation from podium lap dancer to nun happened gradually. Sentence 2: Anna Nobili became a nun in 2002.

Output: 0


Input: Sentence 1: No Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq Yet. Sentence 2:Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A place of sorrow, after Pope John Paul II died, became a place of celebration, as Roman Catholic faithful gathered in downtown Chicago to mark the installation of new Pope Benedict XVI. Sentence 2: Pope Benedict XVI is the new leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Herceptin was already approved to treat the sickest breast cancer patients, and the company said, Monday, it will discuss with federal regulators the possibility of prescribing the drug for more breast cancer patients. Sentence 2: Herceptin can be used to treat breast cancer.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Nearly 4 million children who have at least one parent who entered the U.S. illegally were born in the United States and are U.S. citizens as a result, according to the study conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center. That's about three quarters of the estimated 5.5 million children of illegal immigrants inside the United States, according to the study. About 1.8 million children of undocumented immigrants live in poverty, the study found. Sentence 2: Three quarters of U.S. illegal immigrants have children.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: Valero Energy Corp., on Monday, said it found "extensive" additional damage at its 250,000-barrel-per-day Port Arthur refinery. Sentence 2: Valero Energy Corp. produces 250,000 barrels per day.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A man is due in court later charged with the murder 26 years ago of a teenager whose case was the first to be featured on BBC One's Crimewatch. Colette Aram, 16, was walking to her boyfriend's house in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, on 30 October 1983 when she disappeared. Her body was later found in a field close to her home. Paul Stewart Hutchinson, 50, has been charged with murder and is due before Nottingham magistrates later. Sentence 2: Paul Stewart Hutchinson is accused of having stabbed a girl.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: The cost of the consumer of the United States fell in June. Sentence 2: U.S. consumer spending dived in June.

Output: 0


Input: Sentence 1: No Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq Yet. Sentence 2:Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A place of sorrow, after Pope John Paul II died, became a place of celebration, as Roman Catholic faithful gathered in downtown Chicago to mark the installation of new Pope Benedict XVI. Sentence 2: Pope Benedict XVI is the new leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Herceptin was already approved to treat the sickest breast cancer patients, and the company said, Monday, it will discuss with federal regulators the possibility of prescribing the drug for more breast cancer patients. Sentence 2: Herceptin can be used to treat breast cancer.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Nearly 4 million children who have at least one parent who entered the U.S. illegally were born in the United States and are U.S. citizens as a result, according to the study conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center. That's about three quarters of the estimated 5.5 million children of illegal immigrants inside the United States, according to the study. About 1.8 million children of undocumented immigrants live in poverty, the study found. Sentence 2: Three quarters of U.S. illegal immigrants have children.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: Valero Energy Corp., on Monday, said it found "extensive" additional damage at its 250,000-barrel-per-day Port Arthur refinery. Sentence 2: Valero Energy Corp. produces 250,000 barrels per day.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A man is due in court later charged with the murder 26 years ago of a teenager whose case was the first to be featured on BBC One's Crimewatch. Colette Aram, 16, was walking to her boyfriend's house in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, on 30 October 1983 when she disappeared. Her body was later found in a field close to her home. Paul Stewart Hutchinson, 50, has been charged with murder and is due before Nottingham magistrates later. Sentence 2: Paul Stewart Hutchinson is accused of having stabbed a girl.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: It would help the economy by putting people back to work and more money in the hands of consumers. Sentence 2: More money in the hands of consumers means more money can be spent to get the economy going.

Output: 1


Input: Sentence 1: No Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq Yet. Sentence 2:Weapons of Mass Destruction Found in Iraq.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A place of sorrow, after Pope John Paul II died, became a place of celebration, as Roman Catholic faithful gathered in downtown Chicago to mark the installation of new Pope Benedict XVI. Sentence 2: Pope Benedict XVI is the new leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Herceptin was already approved to treat the sickest breast cancer patients, and the company said, Monday, it will discuss with federal regulators the possibility of prescribing the drug for more breast cancer patients. Sentence 2: Herceptin can be used to treat breast cancer.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: Nearly 4 million children who have at least one parent who entered the U.S. illegally were born in the United States and are U.S. citizens as a result, according to the study conducted by the Pew Hispanic Center. That's about three quarters of the estimated 5.5 million children of illegal immigrants inside the United States, according to the study. About 1.8 million children of undocumented immigrants live in poverty, the study found. Sentence 2: Three quarters of U.S. illegal immigrants have children.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: Valero Energy Corp., on Monday, said it found "extensive" additional damage at its 250,000-barrel-per-day Port Arthur refinery. Sentence 2: Valero Energy Corp. produces 250,000 barrels per day.

Output: 0

Input: Sentence 1: A man is due in court later charged with the murder 26 years ago of a teenager whose case was the first to be featured on BBC One's Crimewatch. Colette Aram, 16, was walking to her boyfriend's house in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, on 30 October 1983 when she disappeared. Her body was later found in a field close to her home. Paul Stewart Hutchinson, 50, has been charged with murder and is due before Nottingham magistrates later. Sentence 2: Paul Stewart Hutchinson is accused of having stabbed a girl.

Output: 1

Input: Sentence 1: The city continued to grow through much of the 20th century. Sentence 2: The city continued to grow, but its services deteriorated.

Output: 0


In this task, you are given a text of the article. Your task is to generate a headline (title) for this article.

Given a passage, write a short summary based on the passage.

Input: australia 's current account deficit shrunk by a record #.## billion dollars -lrb- #.## billion us -rrb- in the june quarter due to soaring commodity prices , figures released monday showed .

Output: australian current account deficit narrows sharply

Explanation: This headline is appropriate for the given article text because the focus of this article is Australian current accounts.

Input: at least two people were killed in a suspected bomb attack on a passenger bus in the strife-torn southern philippines on monday , the military said .

Output: at least two dead in southern philippines blast

Explanation: This article focuses on the southern Philippines blast; hence the generated title is correct.

Input: four east timorese youths who scaled the french embassy 's fence here thursday , left the embassy on their way to portugal friday .

Output: UNK latest east timorese asylum seekers leave for portugal

Explanation: The example is correct, as it correctly summarizes the passage

Input: bosnian croat forces have begun torching homes in parts of western bosnia captured during a summer offensive but due to return to serbian control under the dayton peace agreement , un officials said friday .

Output: croats torch homes in areas due to return to serbs

Input: australian shares closed down #.# percent monday following a weak lead from the united states and lower commodity prices , dealers said .

Output: envoy urges north korea to restart nuclear disablement

Explanation: The generated title and the article text are different. Hence, this is not the correct title.

Input: south korea on monday announced sweeping tax reforms , including income and corporate tax cuts to boost growth by stimulating sluggish private consumption and business investment .

Output: south korea announces tax are high

Explanation: This article talks about south Korean tax cuts, but there is no indication about tax being high. So, the generated title is not correct.

Input: the united nations children 's fund -lrb- unicef -rrb- has voiced concern over the plight of children in much of eastern europe where communism was abruptly dismantled and state services allowed to erode .

Output: unicef concerned about welfare of children in former communist states

united nations children's fund -lrb- unicef -rrb- has voiced concern over the plight of children in much of eastern europe.


Input: australia 's current account deficit shrunk by a record #.## billion dollars -lrb- #.## billion us -rrb- in the june quarter due to soaring commodity prices , figures released monday showed .

Output: australian current account deficit narrows sharply

Input: at least two people were killed in a suspected bomb attack on a passenger bus in the strife-torn southern philippines on monday , the military said .

Output: at least two dead in southern philippines blast

Input: four east timorese youths who scaled the french embassy 's fence here thursday , left the embassy on their way to portugal friday .

Output: UNK latest east timorese asylum seekers leave for portugal

Input: bosnian croat forces have begun torching homes in parts of western bosnia captured during a summer offensive but due to return to serbian control under the dayton peace agreement , un officials said friday .

Output: croats torch homes in areas due to return to serbs

Input: australian shares closed down #.# percent monday following a weak lead from the united states and lower commodity prices , dealers said .

Output: envoy urges north korea to restart nuclear disablement

Input: south korea on monday announced sweeping tax reforms , including income and corporate tax cuts to boost growth by stimulating sluggish private consumption and business investment .

Output: south korea announces tax are high

Input: french rail workers pressed on with their crippling strike for a sixth straight day wednesday to protest welfare reform plans by prime minister alain juppe , with no immediate end in sight .

Output: french UNK press strike stranglehold by michael thurston

french rail workers pressed on with their crippling strike for a sixth straight day wednesday to protest welfare reform plans by prime minister alain juppe, with no immediate end in sight.


Input: australia 's current account deficit shrunk by a record #.## billion dollars -lrb- #.## billion us -rrb- in the june quarter due to soaring commodity prices , figures released monday showed .

Output: australian current account deficit narrows sharply

Input: at least two people were killed in a suspected bomb attack on a passenger bus in the strife-torn southern philippines on monday , the military said .

Output: at least two dead in southern philippines blast

Input: four east timorese youths who scaled the french embassy 's fence here thursday , left the embassy on their way to portugal friday .

Output: UNK latest east timorese asylum seekers leave for portugal

Input: bosnian croat forces have begun torching homes in parts of western bosnia captured during a summer offensive but due to return to serbian control under the dayton peace agreement , un officials said friday .

Output: croats torch homes in areas due to return to serbs

Input: australian shares closed down #.# percent monday following a weak lead from the united states and lower commodity prices , dealers said .

Output: envoy urges north korea to restart nuclear disablement

Input: south korea on monday announced sweeping tax reforms , including income and corporate tax cuts to boost growth by stimulating sluggish private consumption and business investment .

Output: south korea announces tax are high

Input: polling stations closed at #### gmt -lrb- #### local time -rrb- friday on the first day of czech legislative elections shadowed by allegations surrounding social democrat prime minister jiri paroubek .

Output: polling stations close on first day of czech legislative elections

polling stations closed at #### gmt -lrb- #### local time -rrb- friday on the first day of czech legislative elections.


Input: australia 's current account deficit shrunk by a record #.## billion dollars -lrb- #.## billion us -rrb- in the june quarter due to soaring commodity prices , figures released monday showed .

Output: australian current account deficit narrows sharply

Input: at least two people were killed in a suspected bomb attack on a passenger bus in the strife-torn southern philippines on monday , the military said .

Output: at least two dead in southern philippines blast

Input: four east timorese youths who scaled the french embassy 's fence here thursday , left the embassy on their way to portugal friday .

Output: UNK latest east timorese asylum seekers leave for portugal

Input: bosnian croat forces have begun torching homes in parts of western bosnia captured during a summer offensive but due to return to serbian control under the dayton peace agreement , un officials said friday .

Output: croats torch homes in areas due to return to serbs

Input: australian shares closed down #.# percent monday following a weak lead from the united states and lower commodity prices , dealers said .

Output: envoy urges north korea to restart nuclear disablement

Input: south korea on monday announced sweeping tax reforms , including income and corporate tax cuts to boost growth by stimulating sluggish private consumption and business investment .

Output: south korea announces tax are high

Input: president robert mugabe 's pay packet will be more than doubled by july next year to a total of ###,### zimbabwe dollars -lrb- around ##,### us dollars -rrb- , the government announced saturday .

Output: president mugabe 's salary doubled

president robert mugabe's pay packet will be more than doubled by july next year to a total of ##,## zimbabwe dollars -rrb- around ##,## us dollars -rrb-, the government announced saturday.


Input: australia 's current account deficit shrunk by a record #.## billion dollars -lrb- #.## billion us -rrb- in the june quarter due to soaring commodity prices , figures released monday showed .

Output: australian current account deficit narrows sharply

Input: at least two people were killed in a suspected bomb attack on a passenger bus in the strife-torn southern philippines on monday , the military said .

Output: at least two dead in southern philippines blast

Input: four east timorese youths who scaled the french embassy 's fence here thursday , left the embassy on their way to portugal friday .

Output: UNK latest east timorese asylum seekers leave for portugal

Input: bosnian croat forces have begun torching homes in parts of western bosnia captured during a summer offensive but due to return to serbian control under the dayton peace agreement , un officials said friday .

Output: croats torch homes in areas due to return to serbs

Input: australian shares closed down #.# percent monday following a weak lead from the united states and lower commodity prices , dealers said .

Output: envoy urges north korea to restart nuclear disablement

Input: south korea on monday announced sweeping tax reforms , including income and corporate tax cuts to boost growth by stimulating sluggish private consumption and business investment .

Output: south korea announces tax are high

Input: a us citizen who spied for communist east germany was given a suspended jail sentence of ## months here friday .

Output: us citizen who spied for east germans given suspended sentence

a us citizen who spied for communist east germany was given a suspended jail sentence of ## months here friday.


Explanation:
Textual Entailment
Quantitative Reasoning
Commonsense Reasoning
Causal Reasoning

In this task, you will be presented with a premise and a hypothesis sentence. Determine whether the hypothesis sentence entails (implies), contradicts (opposes), or is neutral with respect to the given premise sentence. Please answer with "Contradiction", "Neutral", or "Entailment".

Input: Premise: If you can dream it, you can achieve it — unless you're a goose trying to play a very human game of rugby. In the video above, one bold bird took a chance when it ran onto a rugby field mid-play. Things got dicey when it got into a tussle with another player, but it shook it off and kept right on running. After the play ended, the players escorted the feisty goose off the pitch. It was a risky move, but the crowd chanting its name was well worth it. Video credit: Storyful / Nathan Swarbrick @swazza1990 <sep> Hypothesis: The crowd believed they knew the name of the goose running on the field.

Output: Entailment

Explanation: This is a good example, the hypothesis sentence entails the given premise. Because the crowd was chanting its name, the crowd must have believed they knew the goose's name.

Input: Premise: Notley hopeful attacks on women politicians will fade in coming year After a politically nasty year that saw women politicians face a barrage of attacks on social media and angry demonstrators shouting to have them put behind bars, Premier Rachel Notley is optimistic there will be a return to civil discourse. In a year-end interview with CBC News, Notley reflected on 2016, a year that saw hateful social-media attacks against MLA Sandra Jansen, and chants of “Lock her up” directed at the premier at an anti-carbon tax rally in Edmonton. <sep> Hypothesis: Notley reflected on the chants of "lock her up" from previous to the year 2016.

Output: Contradiction

Explanation: The Premise states Notley reflected on the chants from 2016, not before 2016. In this example hypothesis sentence contradicts the given premise.

Input: Premise: Mazda Sales (Thailand), a unit of Japanese carmaker Mazda Motor Corp, remains bullish about its sales prospects this year despite falling figures in the first six months, the Bangkok Post reported, citing its President Hidesuke Takesue. (bit.ly/1gr7HMd) ---- NOTE: Reuters has not verified this story and does not vouch for its accuracy. (Bangkok Newsroom; Editing by Prateek Chatterjee) <sep> Hypothesis: Mazda Sales will be fired next week

Output: Neutral

Explanation: In this example the hypothesis can't be proven one way or the other based on the context. It's set in the future and no one knows the future. So, hypothesis sentence is neutral with respect to a given premise.

Input: Premise: Police said that a 21-year-old man was discovered after he had been shot in South Jamaica on Aug. 18 and is in critical condition. Just before 9:30 p.m., police responded to a shooting at 104-46 164th St and discovered the victim, whose name has not been released, at the scene. The victim was shot in the thigh and transported to Jamaica Hospital, where he is currently listed in critical condition. No arrests have been made in the incident. <sep> Hypothesis: The victim was less than a quarter century old

Output: Neutral

Explanation: The victim was 21-year-old and 21 is less than 25 (a quarter century). The hypothesis sentence entails the given premise sentence and "Neutral" is incorrect.

Input: Premise: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in the Houston area of Texas and parts of Louisiana, home to millions of Americans. The weather disaster has overwhelmed rescuers trying to answer calls for help by stranded residents. Texas Governor Greg Abbott praised the federal government's response Sunday, and the White House said President Donald Trump is expected to travel to Houston on Tuesday to view the rescue and recovery efforts. VOA's Zlatica Hoke reports. <sep> Hypothesis: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in less than two states.

Output: Entailment

Explanation: The hypothesis is definitely incorrect because it caused floods in both Texas and Louisiana, which is already two states. So, the answer should be "Contradiction".

Input: Premise: Jet Ski<br>My first time on a jet ski was fun. My uncle was on the back. I was getting too close to a rock wall. He yelled at me to stop. We both fell off. <sep> Hypothesis: My uncle drove the jet ski and i sat on the back.

Output: Contradiction


Input: Premise: If you can dream it, you can achieve it — unless you're a goose trying to play a very human game of rugby. In the video above, one bold bird took a chance when it ran onto a rugby field mid-play. Things got dicey when it got into a tussle with another player, but it shook it off and kept right on running. After the play ended, the players escorted the feisty goose off the pitch. It was a risky move, but the crowd chanting its name was well worth it. Video credit: Storyful / Nathan Swarbrick @swazza1990 <sep> Hypothesis: The crowd believed they knew the name of the goose running on the field.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: Notley hopeful attacks on women politicians will fade in coming year After a politically nasty year that saw women politicians face a barrage of attacks on social media and angry demonstrators shouting to have them put behind bars, Premier Rachel Notley is optimistic there will be a return to civil discourse. In a year-end interview with CBC News, Notley reflected on 2016, a year that saw hateful social-media attacks against MLA Sandra Jansen, and chants of “Lock her up” directed at the premier at an anti-carbon tax rally in Edmonton. <sep> Hypothesis: Notley reflected on the chants of "lock her up" from previous to the year 2016.

Output: Contradiction

Input: Premise: Mazda Sales (Thailand), a unit of Japanese carmaker Mazda Motor Corp, remains bullish about its sales prospects this year despite falling figures in the first six months, the Bangkok Post reported, citing its President Hidesuke Takesue. (bit.ly/1gr7HMd) ---- NOTE: Reuters has not verified this story and does not vouch for its accuracy. (Bangkok Newsroom; Editing by Prateek Chatterjee) <sep> Hypothesis: Mazda Sales will be fired next week

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Police said that a 21-year-old man was discovered after he had been shot in South Jamaica on Aug. 18 and is in critical condition. Just before 9:30 p.m., police responded to a shooting at 104-46 164th St and discovered the victim, whose name has not been released, at the scene. The victim was shot in the thigh and transported to Jamaica Hospital, where he is currently listed in critical condition. No arrests have been made in the incident. <sep> Hypothesis: The victim was less than a quarter century old

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in the Houston area of Texas and parts of Louisiana, home to millions of Americans. The weather disaster has overwhelmed rescuers trying to answer calls for help by stranded residents. Texas Governor Greg Abbott praised the federal government's response Sunday, and the White House said President Donald Trump is expected to travel to Houston on Tuesday to view the rescue and recovery efforts. VOA's Zlatica Hoke reports. <sep> Hypothesis: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in less than two states.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: How to buy essential oils<br>Think about why you want to use an essential oil. Different oils suit different needs so it's important to know what you wish to achieve by using essential oil. For example, lavender can be used in a diffuser to relax and reduce anxiety and sage essential oil can be used as an antiseptic in wounds or as an anti-inflammatory. <sep> Hypothesis: Olive oil can be used in a diffuser to relax and reduce anxiety

Output: Neutral


Input: Premise: If you can dream it, you can achieve it — unless you're a goose trying to play a very human game of rugby. In the video above, one bold bird took a chance when it ran onto a rugby field mid-play. Things got dicey when it got into a tussle with another player, but it shook it off and kept right on running. After the play ended, the players escorted the feisty goose off the pitch. It was a risky move, but the crowd chanting its name was well worth it. Video credit: Storyful / Nathan Swarbrick @swazza1990 <sep> Hypothesis: The crowd believed they knew the name of the goose running on the field.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: Notley hopeful attacks on women politicians will fade in coming year After a politically nasty year that saw women politicians face a barrage of attacks on social media and angry demonstrators shouting to have them put behind bars, Premier Rachel Notley is optimistic there will be a return to civil discourse. In a year-end interview with CBC News, Notley reflected on 2016, a year that saw hateful social-media attacks against MLA Sandra Jansen, and chants of “Lock her up” directed at the premier at an anti-carbon tax rally in Edmonton. <sep> Hypothesis: Notley reflected on the chants of "lock her up" from previous to the year 2016.

Output: Contradiction

Input: Premise: Mazda Sales (Thailand), a unit of Japanese carmaker Mazda Motor Corp, remains bullish about its sales prospects this year despite falling figures in the first six months, the Bangkok Post reported, citing its President Hidesuke Takesue. (bit.ly/1gr7HMd) ---- NOTE: Reuters has not verified this story and does not vouch for its accuracy. (Bangkok Newsroom; Editing by Prateek Chatterjee) <sep> Hypothesis: Mazda Sales will be fired next week

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Police said that a 21-year-old man was discovered after he had been shot in South Jamaica on Aug. 18 and is in critical condition. Just before 9:30 p.m., police responded to a shooting at 104-46 164th St and discovered the victim, whose name has not been released, at the scene. The victim was shot in the thigh and transported to Jamaica Hospital, where he is currently listed in critical condition. No arrests have been made in the incident. <sep> Hypothesis: The victim was less than a quarter century old

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in the Houston area of Texas and parts of Louisiana, home to millions of Americans. The weather disaster has overwhelmed rescuers trying to answer calls for help by stranded residents. Texas Governor Greg Abbott praised the federal government's response Sunday, and the White House said President Donald Trump is expected to travel to Houston on Tuesday to view the rescue and recovery efforts. VOA's Zlatica Hoke reports. <sep> Hypothesis: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in less than two states.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: William Friedkin (born August 29, 1935) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter best known for directing "The French Connection" in 1971 and "The Exorcist" in 1973; for the former, he won the Academy Award for Best Director. Some of his other films include "Sorcerer", "Cruising", "To Live and Die in L.A.", "Jade", "Rules of Engagement", "The Hunted", "Bug", and "Killer Joe". <sep> Hypothesis: William Friedkin is dead

Output: Contradiction


Input: Premise: If you can dream it, you can achieve it — unless you're a goose trying to play a very human game of rugby. In the video above, one bold bird took a chance when it ran onto a rugby field mid-play. Things got dicey when it got into a tussle with another player, but it shook it off and kept right on running. After the play ended, the players escorted the feisty goose off the pitch. It was a risky move, but the crowd chanting its name was well worth it. Video credit: Storyful / Nathan Swarbrick @swazza1990 <sep> Hypothesis: The crowd believed they knew the name of the goose running on the field.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: Notley hopeful attacks on women politicians will fade in coming year After a politically nasty year that saw women politicians face a barrage of attacks on social media and angry demonstrators shouting to have them put behind bars, Premier Rachel Notley is optimistic there will be a return to civil discourse. In a year-end interview with CBC News, Notley reflected on 2016, a year that saw hateful social-media attacks against MLA Sandra Jansen, and chants of “Lock her up” directed at the premier at an anti-carbon tax rally in Edmonton. <sep> Hypothesis: Notley reflected on the chants of "lock her up" from previous to the year 2016.

Output: Contradiction

Input: Premise: Mazda Sales (Thailand), a unit of Japanese carmaker Mazda Motor Corp, remains bullish about its sales prospects this year despite falling figures in the first six months, the Bangkok Post reported, citing its President Hidesuke Takesue. (bit.ly/1gr7HMd) ---- NOTE: Reuters has not verified this story and does not vouch for its accuracy. (Bangkok Newsroom; Editing by Prateek Chatterjee) <sep> Hypothesis: Mazda Sales will be fired next week

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Police said that a 21-year-old man was discovered after he had been shot in South Jamaica on Aug. 18 and is in critical condition. Just before 9:30 p.m., police responded to a shooting at 104-46 164th St and discovered the victim, whose name has not been released, at the scene. The victim was shot in the thigh and transported to Jamaica Hospital, where he is currently listed in critical condition. No arrests have been made in the incident. <sep> Hypothesis: The victim was less than a quarter century old

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in the Houston area of Texas and parts of Louisiana, home to millions of Americans. The weather disaster has overwhelmed rescuers trying to answer calls for help by stranded residents. Texas Governor Greg Abbott praised the federal government's response Sunday, and the White House said President Donald Trump is expected to travel to Houston on Tuesday to view the rescue and recovery efforts. VOA's Zlatica Hoke reports. <sep> Hypothesis: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in less than two states.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: TORONTO, March 7 (Reuters) - The Canadian dollar weakened to a session low against the greenback after data showed the domestic economy unexpectedly shed jobs in February. At the same time, investors were also taking in data south of the border that showed U.S. job growth accelerated last month. The Canadian dollar was at C$1.1055 to the greenback, or 90.46 U.S. cents, weaker than Thursday's close of C$1.0992, or 90.98 U.S. cents. The loonie hit a session low of C$1.1064 shortly after the data was released. <sep> Hypothesis: Toronto is the most populous city in Canada.

Output: Entailment


Input: Premise: If you can dream it, you can achieve it — unless you're a goose trying to play a very human game of rugby. In the video above, one bold bird took a chance when it ran onto a rugby field mid-play. Things got dicey when it got into a tussle with another player, but it shook it off and kept right on running. After the play ended, the players escorted the feisty goose off the pitch. It was a risky move, but the crowd chanting its name was well worth it. Video credit: Storyful / Nathan Swarbrick @swazza1990 <sep> Hypothesis: The crowd believed they knew the name of the goose running on the field.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: Notley hopeful attacks on women politicians will fade in coming year After a politically nasty year that saw women politicians face a barrage of attacks on social media and angry demonstrators shouting to have them put behind bars, Premier Rachel Notley is optimistic there will be a return to civil discourse. In a year-end interview with CBC News, Notley reflected on 2016, a year that saw hateful social-media attacks against MLA Sandra Jansen, and chants of “Lock her up” directed at the premier at an anti-carbon tax rally in Edmonton. <sep> Hypothesis: Notley reflected on the chants of "lock her up" from previous to the year 2016.

Output: Contradiction

Input: Premise: Mazda Sales (Thailand), a unit of Japanese carmaker Mazda Motor Corp, remains bullish about its sales prospects this year despite falling figures in the first six months, the Bangkok Post reported, citing its President Hidesuke Takesue. (bit.ly/1gr7HMd) ---- NOTE: Reuters has not verified this story and does not vouch for its accuracy. (Bangkok Newsroom; Editing by Prateek Chatterjee) <sep> Hypothesis: Mazda Sales will be fired next week

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Police said that a 21-year-old man was discovered after he had been shot in South Jamaica on Aug. 18 and is in critical condition. Just before 9:30 p.m., police responded to a shooting at 104-46 164th St and discovered the victim, whose name has not been released, at the scene. The victim was shot in the thigh and transported to Jamaica Hospital, where he is currently listed in critical condition. No arrests have been made in the incident. <sep> Hypothesis: The victim was less than a quarter century old

Output: Neutral

Input: Premise: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in the Houston area of Texas and parts of Louisiana, home to millions of Americans. The weather disaster has overwhelmed rescuers trying to answer calls for help by stranded residents. Texas Governor Greg Abbott praised the federal government's response Sunday, and the White House said President Donald Trump is expected to travel to Houston on Tuesday to view the rescue and recovery efforts. VOA's Zlatica Hoke reports. <sep> Hypothesis: Hurricane Harvey has caused devastating floods in less than two states.

Output: Entailment

Input: Premise: One percent of America got $89 billion last year in a tax cut, but people working hard, playing by the rules, trying to take care of their kids, family values, that we're supposed to value so much in America -- I'm tired of politicians who talk about family values and don't value families. <sep> Hypothesis: One percent of Americans had to pay 89 billion dollars less than they would have to pay if there would be no tax cut, so they got to keep a lot more money

Output: Entailment


In this task, you will be given a sentence, and you need to identify the set of coreference words. Coreferences are generally a set of words in the text that refer to the same person or thing. Your output set of coreference words must be strictly present in the given input sentence. Do not use any outside knowledge to create the set of coreference words. If there is a 'the' article before the person or thing you should include 'the' as well. Please separate the coreference words by commas in the output.

Input: The developer argued with the designer because he did not like the design.

Output: The, developer, he

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'The', 'developer, and 'he' refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is correct.

Input: The mechanic greets with the receptionist because he was in a good mood.

Output: The, mechanic, he

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'The', 'mechanic, and 'he' refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is correct.

Input: The mechanic greets the receptionist because she was standing in front of the door.

Output: the, receptionist, she

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'the', 'receptionist, and 'she' refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is correct.

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques so she will one day be equal in skill.

Output: the, assistant, she

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'the', 'assistant, and 'she' refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is correct.

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques because he likes to teach others.

Output: The, assistant, others

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'The', 'assistant, and 'others' do not refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is incorrect.

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because he was grateful.

Output: The, teacher, he

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'The', 'teacher, and 'he' do not refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is incorrect.

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because she helped many kids.

Output: the, farmer, she

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'The', 'farmer, and 'she' do not refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is incorrect.

Input: The CEO bought the accountant a car because he is rich.

Output: The, accountant, he

Explanation: Here the output set of coreference words 'The', 'accountant, and 'he' do not refer to the same person, and these are coreferences. So, the output is incorrect.

Input: The laborer kicked the cashier because he was drunk .

Output: The, laborer, he


Input: The developer argued with the designer because he did not like the design.

Output: The, developer, he

Input: The mechanic greets with the receptionist because he was in a good mood.

Output: The, mechanic, he

Input: The mechanic greets the receptionist because she was standing in front of the door.

Output: the, receptionist, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques so she will one day be equal in skill.

Output: the, assistant, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques because he likes to teach others.

Output: The, assistant, others

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because he was grateful.

Output: The, teacher, he

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because she helped many kids.

Output: the, farmer, she

Input: The CEO bought the accountant a car because he is rich.

Output: The, accountant, he

Input: The physician owed the cashier money because he did not pay the vodka .

Output: The, physician, he


Input: The developer argued with the designer because he did not like the design.

Output: The, developer, he

Input: The mechanic greets with the receptionist because he was in a good mood.

Output: The, mechanic, he

Input: The mechanic greets the receptionist because she was standing in front of the door.

Output: the, receptionist, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques so she will one day be equal in skill.

Output: the, assistant, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques because he likes to teach others.

Output: The, assistant, others

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because he was grateful.

Output: The, teacher, he

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because she helped many kids.

Output: the, farmer, she

Input: The CEO bought the accountant a car because he is rich.

Output: The, accountant, he

Input: The carpenter built the attendant a desk to prove his love .

Output: The, carpenter, his


Input: The developer argued with the designer because he did not like the design.

Output: The, developer, he

Input: The mechanic greets with the receptionist because he was in a good mood.

Output: The, mechanic, he

Input: The mechanic greets the receptionist because she was standing in front of the door.

Output: the, receptionist, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques so she will one day be equal in skill.

Output: the, assistant, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques because he likes to teach others.

Output: The, assistant, others

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because he was grateful.

Output: The, teacher, he

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because she helped many kids.

Output: the, farmer, she

Input: The CEO bought the accountant a car because he is rich.

Output: The, accountant, he

Input: The CEO reminded the housekeeper to sweep up because she often forget .

Output: the, housekeeper, she


Input: The developer argued with the designer because he did not like the design.

Output: The, developer, he

Input: The mechanic greets with the receptionist because he was in a good mood.

Output: The, mechanic, he

Input: The mechanic greets the receptionist because she was standing in front of the door.

Output: the, receptionist, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques so she will one day be equal in skill.

Output: the, assistant, she

Input: The cook is always teaching the assistant new techniques because he likes to teach others.

Output: The, assistant, others

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because he was grateful.

Output: The, teacher, he

Input: The farmer gave the teacher a bag of eggs because she helped many kids.

Output: the, farmer, she

Input: The CEO bought the accountant a car because he is rich.

Output: The, accountant, he

Input: When the supervisor splashed the editor  he got in trouble .

Output: the, supervisor, he


In this task, you're given a paragraph from the research paper and your task is to generate a suitable title for the research paper based on the given paper. Under 100 words is a good title length.

Input: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic originating from China in 2002 was caused by a previously uncharacterized coronavirus that could be identified by specific RT-PCR amplification. Efforts to control future SARS outbreaks depend on the accurate and early identification of SARS-CoV infected patients. A real-time fluorogenic RT-PCR assay based on the 3 -noncoding region (3 -NCR) of SARS-CoV genome was developed as a quantitative SARS diagnostic tool. The ideal amplification efficiency of a sensitive SARS-CoV RT-PCR assay should yield an E value (PCR product concentration increase per amplification cycle) equal to 2.0. It was demonstrated that the 3 -NCR SARS-CoV based RT-PCR reactions could be formulated to reach excellent E values of 1.81, or 91% amplification efficacy. The SARS-CoV cDNA preparations derived from viral RNA extract and the cloned recombinant plasmid both exhibit the identical amplification characteristics, i.e. amplification efficacy using the same PCR formulation developed in this study. The viral genomic copy (or genomic equivalences, GE) per infectious unit (GE/pfu) of SARS-CoV used in this study was also established to be approximate 1200-1600:1. The assay's detection sensitivity could reach 0.005 pfu or 6-8 GE per assay. It was preliminarily demonstrated that the assay could efficiently detect SARS-CoV from clinical specimens of SARS probable and suspected patients identified in Taiwan. The 3 -NCR based SARS-CoV assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity testing samples of patients with acute respiratory disease from a non-SARS epidemic region.

Output: Development and evaluation of an efficient 3 -noncoding region-based SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV

Explanation: It's a correct title because the paragraph described the development of 3 -noncoding region of SARS-CoV genome and assay efficiently detecting SARS-CoV from clinical specimens.

Input: Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are cysteine protease proteins that reverse the ubiquitination by removing ubiquitins from the target protein. With over 100 DUBs identified and categorized into at least 7 families, many DUBs interact with one or more cytokines, influencing cellular processes, such as antiviral responses, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, etc. While some DUBs influence cytokine pathway or production, some DUBs are cytokine-inducible. In this article, we summarize a list of DUBs, their interaction with cytokines, target proteins and mechanisms of action.

Output: Regulatory interplay between deubiquitinating enzymes and cytokines

Explanation: It's a correct title because the paragraph talks about the interaction of deubiquitinating and cytokines that are mentioned in the title.

Input: A novel bat-origin coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and continues to spread across China and the world. At the time of writing, a massive global response has been implemented to control the disease as it spreads from person to person. Yet the high-risk human-wildlife interactions and interfaces that led to the emergence of SARS-CoV and of 2019-nCoV continue to exist in emerging disease hotspots globally. To prevent the next epidemic and pandemic related to these interfaces, we call for research and investment in three areas: 1) surveillance among wildlife to identify the high-risk pathogens they carry; 2) surveillance among people who have contact with wildlife to identify early spillover events; and 3) improvement of market biosecurity regarding the wildlife trade. As the emergence of a novel virus anywhere can impact the furthest reaches of our connected world, international collaboration among scientists is essential to address these risks and prevent the next pandemic.

Output: A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak

Explanation: It's a correct title because the paragraph talks about how to prevent future epidemic and to address the risks.

Input: Linking autoimmune orchitis models to human disease • Immunopathological sequelae of vasectomy • Conclusions and future perspectives BACKGROUND: Infection and inflammation of the reproductive tract are significant causes of male factor infertility. Ascending infections caused by sexually transmitted bacteria or urinary tract pathogens represent the most frequent aetiology of epididymo-orchitis, but viral, haematogenous dissemination is also a contributory factor. Limitations in adequate diagnosis and therapy reflect an obvious need for further understanding of human epididymal and testicular immunopathologies and their contribution to infertility. A major obstacle for advancing our knowledge is the limited access to suitable tissue samples. Similarly, the key events in the inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies affecting human male fertility are poorly amenable to close examination. Moreover, the disease processes generally have occurred long before the patient attends the clinic for fertility assessment. In this regard, data obtained from experimental animal models and respective comparative analyses have shown promise to overcome these restrictions in humans.

Output: dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity The primary response to viral detection: type I interferons

Explanation: It's an incorrect title because paragraphs because the tasks talk about Infectious, inflammatory and male factor infertility and how do rodent models inform clinical practice?

Input: This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.

Output: Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection

Explanation: It's an incorrect title because paragraph talks about Electrophoretic separations on microfluidic chips.

Input: It is known that the person-to-person spreading of certain infectious diseases is related with the transmission of human exhaled air in the indoor environments, and this is suspected to be the case with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. This paper presents the numerical analysis of the human respiration process and the transport of exhaled air by breathing, sneezing, and coughing and their potential impact on the adjacent person in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. In order to account for the influence of the thermal plume around the human body, a three-dimensional computational thermal manikin (CTM) with an accurate description of body geometry was applied. Some of the results were compared with those from former simulations and experiments. It was found that personal exposure to the exhaled air from the normal respiration process of other persons is very low in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. Personal exposure to pollution caused by sneezing or coughing is highly directional. When two occupants face each other the cross-infection may happen due to the long transport distance of the exhalation.

Output: Association of Cytokines in Individuals Sensitive and Insensitive to Dust Mites in a Brazilian Population

Explanation: It's an incorrect title because paragraph talks about Transient CFD simulation of the respiration process and inter-person exposure assessment.

Input: Coccidiosis is an economically significant disease of poultry caused by species of Eimeria, a parasitic protozoan. Disease can result in poor feed conversion, reduced weight gain, and can lead to the development of necrotic enteritis. For prevention of coccidiosis, poultry are commonly vaccinated with a live, sporulated oocysts mass applied with a vaccination cabinet in the hatchery. Traditionally, coccidia vaccines have been applied by coarse spray in a water based diluent, however, new technology using gel diluents has entered the US market. Gel diluents can have variable viscosities and are "dropped" onto chicks with an applicator bar. It is thought that gel droplets remain intact on the birds for longer than water based droplets, allowing more time for preening and ingestion of oocysts. In this experiment, the efficacy of a commercial coccidia vaccine applied with a water based diluent, a more viscous gel diluent, and a less viscous gel diluent was compared. Fecal samples were collected at multiple time points post-vaccination to quantify vaccine oocyst shedding. Shedding in the first cycle (days 5 to 8 post-vaccination) was related to the number of oocysts received from each application method, where the groups receiving higher doses shed more oocysts. However, a decrease in shedding was seen for the more viscous gel group in the second cycle (days 12 to 15 post-vaccination). Chickens were challenged with Eimeria maxima oocysts and 7 days post-challenge body weight gains and gross and microscopic lesions were recorded to evaluate protection levels for the different vaccine applications. All vaccinated groups appeared to be protected based on body weight gain and lesion scoring. The results of this project indicate that all vaccine applications are effective at protecting against Eimeria maxima challenge when using a proper dose of vaccine that allows for repeated oocyst cycling in the litter post-vaccination.

Output: Evaluation of a coccidia vaccine using spray and gel applications

In this study, gel diluents were applied to chickens for a period of 7 days post-vaccination. The results suggest that gel diluents can be used to protect against Eimeria maxima challenge.


Input: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic originating from China in 2002 was caused by a previously uncharacterized coronavirus that could be identified by specific RT-PCR amplification. Efforts to control future SARS outbreaks depend on the accurate and early identification of SARS-CoV infected patients. A real-time fluorogenic RT-PCR assay based on the 3 -noncoding region (3 -NCR) of SARS-CoV genome was developed as a quantitative SARS diagnostic tool. The ideal amplification efficiency of a sensitive SARS-CoV RT-PCR assay should yield an E value (PCR product concentration increase per amplification cycle) equal to 2.0. It was demonstrated that the 3 -NCR SARS-CoV based RT-PCR reactions could be formulated to reach excellent E values of 1.81, or 91% amplification efficacy. The SARS-CoV cDNA preparations derived from viral RNA extract and the cloned recombinant plasmid both exhibit the identical amplification characteristics, i.e. amplification efficacy using the same PCR formulation developed in this study. The viral genomic copy (or genomic equivalences, GE) per infectious unit (GE/pfu) of SARS-CoV used in this study was also established to be approximate 1200-1600:1. The assay's detection sensitivity could reach 0.005 pfu or 6-8 GE per assay. It was preliminarily demonstrated that the assay could efficiently detect SARS-CoV from clinical specimens of SARS probable and suspected patients identified in Taiwan. The 3 -NCR based SARS-CoV assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity testing samples of patients with acute respiratory disease from a non-SARS epidemic region.

Output: Development and evaluation of an efficient 3 -noncoding region-based SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) RT-PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV

Input: Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are cysteine protease proteins that reverse the ubiquitination by removing ubiquitins from the target protein. With over 100 DUBs identified and categorized into at least 7 families, many DUBs interact with one or more cytokines, influencing cellular processes, such as antiviral responses, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, etc. While some DUBs influence cytokine pathway or production, some DUBs are cytokine-inducible. In this article, we summarize a list of DUBs, their interaction with cytokines, target proteins and mechanisms of action.

Output: Regulatory interplay between deubiquitinating enzymes and cytokines

Input: A novel bat-origin coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and continues to spread across China and the world. At the time of writing, a massive global response has been implemented to control the disease as it spreads from person to person. Yet the high-risk human-wildlife interactions and interfaces that led to the emergence of SARS-CoV and of 2019-nCoV continue to exist in emerging disease hotspots globally. To prevent the next epidemic and pandemic related to these interfaces, we call for research and investment in three areas: 1) surveillance among wildlife to identify the high-risk pathogens they carry; 2) surveillance among people who have contact with wildlife to identify early spillover events; and 3) improvement of market biosecurity regarding the wildlife trade. As the emergence of a novel virus anywhere can impact the furthest reaches of our connected world, international collaboration among scientists is essential to address these risks and prevent the next pandemic.

Output: A strategy to prevent future epidemics similar to the 2019-nCoV outbreak

Input: Linking autoimmune orchitis models to human disease • Immunopathological sequelae of vasectomy • Conclusions and future perspectives BACKGROUND: Infection and inflammation of the reproductive tract are significant causes of male factor infertility. Ascending infections caused by sexually transmitted bacteria or urinary tract pathogens represent the most frequent aetiology of epididymo-orchitis, but viral, haematogenous dissemination is also a contributory factor. Limitations in adequate diagnosis and therapy reflect an obvious need for further understanding of human epididymal and testicular immunopathologies and their contribution to infertility. A major obstacle for advancing our knowledge is the limited access to suitable tissue samples. Similarly, the key events in the inflammatory or autoimmune pathologies affecting human male fertility are poorly amenable to close examination. Moreover, the disease processes generally have occurred long before the patient attends the clinic for fertility assessment. In this regard, data obtained from experimental animal models and respective comparative analyses have shown promise to overcome these restrictions in humans.

Output: dsRNA sensors and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in host defense and autoimmunity The primary response to viral detection: type I interferons

Input: This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.

Output: Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection

Input: It is known that the person-to-person spreading of certain infectious diseases is related with the transmission of human exhaled air in the indoor environments, and this is suspected to be the case with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. This paper presents the numerical analysis of the human respiration process and the transport of exhaled air by breathing, sneezing, and coughing and their potential impact on the adjacent person in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. In order to account for the influence of the thermal plume around the human body, a three-dimensional computational thermal manikin (CTM) with an accurate description of body geometry was applied. Some of the results were compared with those from former simulations and experiments. It was found that personal exposure to the exhaled air from the normal respiration process of other persons is very low in a modeled room with displacement ventilation. Personal exposure to pollution caused by sneezing or coughing is highly directional. When two occupants face each other the cross-infection may happen due to the long transport distance of the exhalation.

Output: Association of Cytokines in Individuals Sensitive and Insensitive to Dust Mites in a Brazilian Population

Input: Facing the threats of infectious diseases, we take various actions to protect ourselves, but few studies considered an evolving system with competing strategies. In view of that, we propose an evolutionary epidemic model coupled with human behaviors, where individuals have three strategies: vaccination, self-protection and laissez faire, and could adjust their strategies according to their neighbors' strategies and payoffs at the beginning of each new season of epidemic spreading. We found a counter-intuitive phenomenon analogous to the well-known Braess's Paradox, namely a better condition may lead to worse performance. Specifically speaking, increasing the successful rate of self-protection does not necessarily reduce the epidemic size or improve the system payoff. The range and degree of the Braess's Paradox are sensitive to both the parameters characterizing the epidemic spreading and the strategy payoff, while the existence of the Braess's Paradox is insensitive to the network topologies. This phenomenon can be well explained by a mean-field approximation. Our study demonstrates an important fact that a better condition for individuals may yield a worse outcome for the society.

Output: Braess's Paradox in Epidemic Game: Better Condition Results in Less Payoff

Human behaviors in the evolution of infectious diseases.